Do you know the smell of rapeseed fields? If so, then you know what indole smells like. Not only rapeseed produces this characteristic smelling molecule, but many microorganisms use it in their metabolism. In order for the microorganisms to form important compounds from it, they must first activate the indole. This is done by an enzyme called indole monooxygenase. Researchers at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and the University of Leipzig have now studied the structure and interaction of this enzyme with its substrate and the cofactor required for the reaction.

A sustainable bioeconomy pursues the goal of utilizing biomass as completely as possible while realizing as many material uses as possible. Usually, this is done in several successive processes that are bundled in biorefineries. But there is another way: with so-called torrefaction, a variety of products can be generated from biomass in just one step. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) have developed such a process. In Estonia, a start-up now tests the process in a first industrial-scale prototype.

Fallen leaves are an important habitat and food for millions of microorganisms. But contrary to previous assumptions, they are largely insignificant for life below the surface. An international team of researchers led by the University of Göttingen has now been able to show that the number of soil organisms depends crucially on whether there are living roots and their metabolic products.

It is not only Bundesliga clubs that rely on artificial turf for their playing surfaces. Smaller clubs also prefer the low-maintenance and weather-independent material and are making the necessary investments. There are already around 9,000 artificial turf pitches in Germany. But these have so far been based on fossil raw materials and contribute to microplastics entering the environment. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has calculated that artificial turf pitches in Europe are responsible for 16,000 tons of microplastics in the environment every year.

Whether in cosmetics, detergents or cleaning agents: Surfactants can be found in many products. Today, however, the molecules should not only be more effective and skin-friendly than in the past, but also biodegradable and produced from renewable raw materials. Researchers in the LipoPep joint project have taken up these challenges. Under the leadership of TH Köln, research has been conducted over the past three years into how renewable raw materials from native plants such as lupins, sunflowers and rapeseed can be used to produce surfactants.

Polyesters are an important class of plastics for the textile industry. Until now, however, fossil raw materials were needed for their production. In the joint project "Threading CO2," 17 partners from seven European countries have joined forces to create an alternative. They want to produce monoethylene glycol, the starting material for polyester PET, using CO2 from industrial waste gases as a raw material.

Field robots that weed and determine the nutrient content in the soil, or drones that detect plant diseases: modern field technology with highly sensitive sensors and cameras have already made work in agriculture more efficient and sustainable. However, the technologies used in so-called precision crop farming usually operate in isolation. Due to such isolated solutions, data is lacking and the actual benefits are difficult to evaluate. The DigiMax-PA project aims to change this.

Aniline is an important component in the production of the plastic polyurethane, which is used for numerous everyday products such as mattresses or insulating materials. Until now, the chemical has been produced mainly on the basis of petroleum. Covestro, as one of the world's leading aniline producers, is breaking new ground. The Leverkusen-based materials manufacturer wants to produce the important chemical from plant biomass. The foundations for this were laid in recent years as part of the Bio4PUR and Bio4PURPro projects.