Whether it's a car, a wind turbine or an airplane, for a machine to run smoothly it usually needs lubricants, but these are traditionally based on fossil raw materials. In the PolyBioFe project, partners from research and industry have produced lubricating greases that consist almost entirely of renewable raw materials. The project focused primarily on developing a bio-based alternative to polymer thickeners, which are an important component of lubricants for rolling bearings.

Innovations from the bioeconomy are important drivers for mastering the major challenges of the future, such as climate change, food security, raw material scarcity and species loss. With its bioeconomy strategy, the German government initiated the shift toward a sustainable and resource-conserving economy years ago and put the promotion of bioeconomic innovations on the political agenda. However, the establishment of bio-based technologies also requires acceptance among the population.

Paper or packaging usually consists of pulp obtained from wood. However, paper production is very energy-intensive. Moreover, wood grows only slowly and demand has increased in recent years, as the raw material has long since become an important source for sustainable products such as bio-based plastics. But there are alternatives: Cellulose can also be obtained from other plants such as grass.

Clean air is important - also for the so-called springtails, a widespread class of arthropods. The animals, which are only a few millimeters in size, have a special feature: they almost all breathe exclusively through their skin. As organisms that frequently live on the ground, springtails face the challenge of keeping this very skin as free as possible from pollutants and pathogens so as not to endanger their respiration. Researchers at the Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research in Dresden have now discovered how the animals manage this.

According to the United Nations, up to 150 million tons of plastic end up in the world's oceans every year. A sad testament to the scale of pollution are the five giant plastic islands floating on the surface. The gradual breakdown of plastics into microplastics is a global problem and increasingly endangers the lives of marine life. However, the pollution of the environment by plastic waste no longer affects only seas and oceans.

Nitric oxide - NO for short - is a gas that is both important and deadly to living things. Researchers speculate that it may have been involved in the origin of life as a precursor to oxygen in prehistoric times. However, it damages the ozone layer and can react to form nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Reactive nitric oxide is also a signaling molecule that is toxic to many organisms. However, some microorganisms can feed on the energy-rich gas.

Wheat is one of the most important foods in Germany. According to the Federal Statistical Office, 22 million tons of winter wheat were harvested in Germany last year - around five percent more than the year before. But the grain is sensitive to environmental influences, as the past heat years have shown. In Hesse alone, a third of the harvest was lost to heat and drought in 2018. Technology, fertilizers and artificial irrigation also reached their limits.

The end of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel has been heralded. Many countries have already decided when vehicles running on these fuels may no longer be marketed or registered. However, liquid fuels with high energy density could continue to play a role in shipping, aviation and certain commercial vehicles. CO2-neutral alternatives must be found for them.