Chemistry

Leaf fleas are a horror for fruit growers. The so-called psyllids sting the plant with their sucking mouthparts and suck out the plant sap. In this way, the parasitic leaf fleas sometimes cause high crop losses. Until now, fruit growers have tried to control the pest with the help of synthetic chemical pesticides. An international team of researchers with the participation of the Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) has now, by chance, found a suitable antagonist in a parasitic fungus to eliminate the leaf flea in fruit growing in a natural way.

It has been seven years since chemists at the University of Konstanz presented a completely new class of plastics that resemble biomaterials in structure. The so-called mineral plastic was a hydrogel consisting of nanoparticles of calcium carbonate (lime) crosslinked with polyacrylic acid in water. Hardly any energy is consumed in its production, as room temperature is sufficient. It also has self-healing properties and is easily recyclable. But the mineral plastic had a crucial flaw: due to its chemical components, it was not biodegradable.

Enzymes are at the core of biotechnology. As biocatalysts, they are supposed to help the chemical industry to move away from environmentally harmful processes and to enable particularly sustainable processes. Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have now transformed the enzymes into a new form: As foams, the biocatalysts prove to be extremely stable and active.

Whether it's a car, a wind turbine or an airplane, for a machine to run smoothly it usually needs lubricants, but these are traditionally based on fossil raw materials. In the PolyBioFe project, partners from research and industry have produced lubricating greases that consist almost entirely of renewable raw materials. The project focused primarily on developing a bio-based alternative to polymer thickeners, which are an important component of lubricants for rolling bearings.

Paper or packaging usually consists of pulp obtained from wood. However, paper production is very energy-intensive. Moreover, wood grows only slowly and demand has increased in recent years, as the raw material has long since become an important source for sustainable products such as bio-based plastics. But there are alternatives: Cellulose can also be obtained from other plants such as grass.

Clean air is important - also for the so-called springtails, a widespread class of arthropods. The animals, which are only a few millimeters in size, have a special feature: they almost all breathe exclusively through their skin. As organisms that frequently live on the ground, springtails face the challenge of keeping this very skin as free as possible from pollutants and pathogens so as not to endanger their respiration. Researchers at the Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research in Dresden have now discovered how the animals manage this.

The end of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel has been heralded. Many countries have already decided when vehicles running on these fuels may no longer be marketed or registered. However, liquid fuels with high energy density could continue to play a role in shipping, aviation and certain commercial vehicles. CO2-neutral alternatives must be found for them.

More than half of the materials used in the textile industry are made from fossil raw materials. Polyester and polyurethane fibers, which are cheap but energy-intensive and pollute the environment, are particularly popular. The production of bio-based chemicals on an industrial scale is now intended to drive the textile industry's turnaround toward sustainability. To this end, the Finnish specialty chemicals company UPM Biochemicals and the German outdoor specialist VAUDE have agreed on a partnership.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a bad reputation as a greenhouse gas. In order to achieve the climate targets, experts believe that it is far from enough to reduce emissions of the climate gas. Some of it must be permanently bound. There is great potential in the material use of CO2 as a raw material, because the carbon it contains is an important basic material for industry. Sustainable and innovative ways of using CO2 could therefore relieve the climate and benefit industry at the same time.

From prostheses to children's toys, car parts or sporting goods: The possible applications of 3D printing seem limitless and show how popular this technology has become. The range of plastics used in this process is constantly growing, and with it the potential to manufacture bio-based products from them. However, in order to print highly complex three-dimensional objects, so-called support structures are often required.