Whether in food processing or agriculture, residues such as cereal straw, leaves or vegetable stalks usually end up as animal feed in troughs or fields. In Baden-Württemberg alone, this amounts to around 7.7 million tonnes per year. For the bioeconomy, these previously underutilised agricultural side streams can be a source of raw materials for new bio-based products and pave the way for a resource-efficient circular economy.
Soil is a vital resource, but is increasingly under threat. According to the European Soil Observatory (EUSO), around 76% of soils in Germany alone are degraded. Soil degradation has many causes: Erosion, intensive agriculture, monocultures, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and urbanization have all contributed to upsetting the balance in the soil - with serious consequences for agriculture, climate and nature.
The intensive use of agricultural land has placed a heavy burden on soils in north-west Europe. In many regions, the humus content is too low. As a result, soils are less able to store water, which increases the risk of erosion and flooding - and jeopardises food security in the long term.
Oats are one of the oldest cultivated plants and are valued as a food mainly because of the carbohydrates in the grain. As an alternative milk substitute in the form of oat drinks, the plant has been attracting increasing public attention for some years now. Compared to animal milk or soy, however, oat proteins have so far played a minor role in nutrition. Researchers at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences want to change this.
Producing food on agricultural land and generating electricity at the same time - this concept is not new. So-called agri-photovoltaic systems (agri-PV systems) are already being tested at various locations across Germany. One advantage is that the dual use of agricultural land creates new sources of income for farmers. The MoorPower project is now investigating whether such a concept can also make the rewetting of degraded moorland more attractive for farms.
In many parts of the world, people already eat insects. They are full of high-quality proteins and are easy to breed in large quantities while conserving resources, as they feed on organic waste. Insects can therefore make an important contribution to feeding the world and at the same time protect resources and the environment. Despite its enormous potential, insect farming is still associated with high process costs and an equally high consumption of resources.
Catch crops such as field mustard or legumes are small all-rounders for agriculture: they serve as animal feed or remain on the field as green manure to prepare or improve the soil for the next main crop. In this way, plants are supplied with nutrients, humus formation is promoted, the water, nutrient and carbon balance in the soil is stabilized and erosion is prevented. However, their potential as pollutant removers has so far been underestimated.
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth. This is why legumes such as beans and chickpeas have adapted to life on nitrogen-poor soils. They form root nodules in which special bacteria can absorb nitrogen from the air. These rhizobia receive sugar from the plant in exchange for the fixed nitrogen.
Legumes such as peas are known to be rich in protein and can replace animal proteins in food and animal feed or expensive soy imports. Saxony-Anhalt is therefore focusing on peas as a crop of the future and is striving to become a “Center for Pea Bioeconomy”. In the “DiPisum” project, a team led by project coordinator Jochen Reif aims to bundle the region's strengths on a broad scale over the coming years and tap into the potential of the pea by utilizing all innovations along the value chain.
Extreme weather conditions such as heat, drought and heavy rain are putting increasing pressure on winegrowing. Soil erosion is a major problem for winegrowers. Vineyards on slopes such as the Moselle, Rhine or Elbe are particularly affected by this. Soil is eroded or washed away by wind and rain, leaving the vines without a basis for growth.