The world of fossil plastics is slowly shrinking. More and more new alternative plastic products based on renewable raw materials or residual materials are conquering the market. Even if not all new bioplastics are also biodegradable, the production of environmentally friendly materials will continue to increase.
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The Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment were responsible for moving the strategy forward. Developed by a multidisciplinary working group, the strategy is primarily aimed at food production. Priority is given to agriculture, forestry and fisheries (including aquaculture), but also to the chemical and bioenergy industries.
In 2012, the Swedish Science Council for Environment, Agriculture and Spatial Planning (Formas) commissioned the government and, in collaboration with the Swedish Energy Agency and the Academy of Innovation, published a national bioeconomy strategy, the "Swedish Research and Innovation Strategy for a Biobased Economy".
The government in Portugal has not yet developed a specific bioeconomy strategy. But bioeconomy plays an important role in “The National Ocean Strategy” (2013–2020) and the associated action plan, published by the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture and the Sea. The strategy paper aims to make Portugal one of the world's leading maritime nations. The strategic focus will be on aquaculture, blue biotechnology and energy production on the basis of maritime resources, in particular fuel from algae.
Forestry is also an important sector. Harvesters and agricultural machines are of economic importance, as is bioenergy production in biogas plants. In 2014, a national bioeconomy body was set up in Poland. A strategy remains to be seen.
Today the sectors of the bioeconomy already earn almost eight percent of the Austrian gross domestic product and employ more than 230,000 people. In Austria, the development of a bioeconomy is formulated by the "Research, Technology and Innovation Strategy (RTI Strategy) for Biobased Industries" published in 2014. The Austrian Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology is responsible for that.
The oil and fishing industries in particular increase export revenues, the aquaculture sector is a major aspect of the latter. The wood, paper and food industries are among the main economic sectors in the country, which are also highly relevant for the development of a bioeconomy. In spring 2015, the government decided to develop a national bioeconomy strategy.
Greenhouse tomatoes and flower bulbs are particularly well-known. Starch, sugar and lactic acid are important further processed products. Garden centres impress internationally with a wide variety of horticultural products, such as ornamental plants as well as landscape plants from the Netherlands. The chemical industry, a second pillar of the country's economy, also offers opportunities for bio-based and sustainable economic growth. Many companies focus on bio-based chemicals and biopolymers.