Agriculture and forestry

Supplying a growing world population with affordable food is becoming increasingly difficult due to climate-related extremes such as heat, drought or heavy rainfall. But climate change is not the only factor jeopardising food security. According to studies, agricultural fertilisation practices are partly responsible for the fact that ecosystems such as the soil are over-fertilised and under pressure. New solutions are therefore needed for sustainable, resource-efficient and adaptable agricultural production.

Where streets and houses dominate instead of green spaces and water, it can sometimes become unbearably hot in summer. Solutions are needed because researchers are predicting an increase in heat waves as a result of climate change. Sponge cities can provide effective heat protection. Researchers at the Technische Universität (TU) Berlin want to design such a sponge city neighbourhood on the former site of Tegel Airport. In August, work began on planting a total of six so-called evaporation beds.

In many places, the consequences of climate change are already being felt in agriculture. Crop losses due to extreme weather conditions and pest infestations have increased in recent years. At the same time, agriculture is under pressure to reduce the use of fertilisers and pesticides and cut CO₂ emissions. But how can the environment and climate be protected without jeopardising yields?

Whether chipboard, furniture or paper: since June last year, anyone wishing to place a wood product on the market in the European Union (EU) has had to prove that the types of wood used come from legal trade. Traders must document the type of wood and country of origin. With the ‘European Deforestation Regulation’, the EU aims to minimise the risk that the extraction of timber contributes to deforestation, damages the ecosystem through deforestation or even displaces people.

The potato is the fourth most important crop in the world after wheat, rice and maize. Although there are around 5,000 potato varieties worldwide, only a few close relatives dominate cultivation, which makes the plant susceptible to pests. In view of climate change, the breeding of new resistant potato varieties is therefore becoming increasingly important.

In light of a growing population and dwindling resources due to climate change, alternative protein sources for the production of new foods are becoming increasingly important. Their range is broad: legumes, algae, fungi and insects as well as proteins obtained through cell-based or fermentative processes are suitable as raw material sources for a healthy, environmentally conscious and sustainable diet. The development of innovative foods based on alternative proteins has also become attractive to investors.

Water is a precious commodity and often causes conflicts of use. Water shortages are already occurring in some regions of Germany due to heat and drought. According to experts, agriculture alone accounts for 70% of global water consumption as the main food producer and is therefore particularly reliant on cultivation methods that ensure food security in the future with little water. As part of the “HypoWave+” project, partners from research and industry have developed a particularly water-efficient method for hydroponic vegetable cultivation in recent years.

Legumes such as peas and soy are not only valuable sources of protein for the production of food and animal feed. They are also important helpers in making agriculture more sustainable. Their ability to bind nitrogen from the air via the roots with the help of bacteria makes legumes a natural soil conditioner. However, the cultivation of such protein crops is still a niche in Germany and the EU. This is set to change.