Milk and dairy products such as cheese or yoghurt are some of the food-favorites in Germany and their sales have been steadily increasing for years. Especially so-called functional dairy products such as digestive yoghurt drinks or cholesterol-lowering spreads have conquered the market in recent years. But what do these products really contain, what exactly are the health-promoting components of milk and how can they be used specifically? And last but not least: how and why does the consumer decide to buy a product?
Competence network investigating milk
These and many more questions on the subject of milk - from production to consumption - asked the competence network "Agricultural and Nutrition Research (AgroCluster): FoCus - Food Chain Plus" under the leadership of the joint project spokeswoman Karin Schwarz at the Christian Albrechts University (CAU) Kiel. The enormous task with four joint projects and a total of 25 sub-projects was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) from 2010 to 2016 with €8.7 million. "Our goal was to fully illustrate the value chain of milk or dairy products at one location and thus to illuminate the topic of milk in all its aspects - from feed for the cows to health-relevant fractions in the milk, their actual effect and finally, to the purchasing decision of the consumers," explains Schwarz.
The Kiel location is tailor-made for such a comprehensive project. Not only due to the CAU itself and their expertise of agricultural and nutritional science and medical faculty on site, but also two on-site Max Rubner institutes, one for quality and safety in milk and fish and the other for microbiology and biotechnology, were involved. Moreover, the Leibniz Institute for the Biology of farm animals in Dummerstorf also added its expertise on dairy cattle. The company Müllermilch supported the project as an industry partner.
Unique cohort with 2,000 subjects
For the study, a remarkably high number of subjects was available: "We were able to build a cohort of about 2,000 subjects - such a high number of subjects as a basis for intervention studies is pretty unique," said Schwarz. The so-called Kiel Intervention Cohort (KIK) will continue to be interviewed and examined in order to be able to determine possible long-term effects on health and consumer behavior. For the long-term management and further investigations on the basis of the cohort, a new professorship for clinical nutritional medicine with Matthias Laudes at the CAU was established.
"In one of our subprojects, our goal was to isolate and reuse the beneficial ingredients of milk, such as proteins, peptides or oligosaccharides," said Schwarz. Among other things, her team investigated milk proteins as potential drug carriers: "Garlic and garlic pills are considered to be beneficial to health, especially the ingredient allicin. But the disadvantage of such capsules is the often penetrating garlic taste," said Schwarz. And indeed, the researchers have succeeded in producing a new, taste-neutral formulation in which a milk protein - a beta-lactoglobulin - acts as a transporter for the garlic active ingredient allicin. "This subproject even resulted in a patent application," Schwarz reports proudly.
Complex project planning
Such a complex view of the subject of milk, which attempts to cover the optimal feed composition for milk production as well as the health effects of certain ingredients of milk on the consumer, was not an easy task to coordinate, says Schwarz. The numerous FoCus subprojects had to be synchronised time and again so that the networking between the individual research groups and 25 subprojects could be achieved.