When scientists talk about greenhouse gases, they convert their effect into CO2 equivalents. In addition to the known carbon dioxide, there are a number of other gases that heat up the climate. Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a gas that is around 300 times more harmful to the climate than CO2. Geoscientists at the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen have now identified a previously unknown source of this greenhouse gas.
The population of large freshwater animals - weighing at least 30 kilograms - declined by 88 percent between 1970 and 2012. This is the alarming result of a large-scale study conducted by researchers from the Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries.
Dirty, expensive and energy-intensive: this is how most of today's processes for producing carbon fibers from crude oil can be described. The German Institutes for Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf (DITF) are now cooperating with the Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg to develop an ecological and economic alternative. A research centre for hardwoods is to be established for this purpose.
The exact details of insect decline in Germany are controversial and part of a new monitoring programme, but it has been proven that more than 3,000 native insect species have experienced a significant reduction in their population sizes in recent decades.
There are about as many bacteria living in and on humans as there are body cells. This is no different for most higher organisms. Bees, for example, also have a microbial intestinal flora that supports digestion and stimulates the immune system. Microorganisms live in beehives which secrete compounds to prevent the spread of harmful fungi.
The bond between a fluorine atom and a carbon atom is the strongest single-bond in organic chemistry. Splitting it would be a reaction that occurs automatically over a period of years, but some enzymes shorten the reaction to a few seconds. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) in Hamburg, the University of Potsdam and the University of Toronto in Canada have now documented in a highly detailed time-lapse film what exactly happens during this reaction in the enzyme fluoroacetate dehalogenase.
Spider silk is - in relation to its weight - more tear-resistant and stretchable than synthetic fibers made of Kevlar or carbon. For a long time now, it has also been imitated industrially and used as a material, from aircraft construction or the textile industry to medicine. However, the secret behind the special properties of silk proteins was not yet fully understood.
The international research team with scientists from the Ruhr University Bochum and the University of New South Wales in Australia were able to produce end products such as ethanol and propanol from the starting material carbon dioxide. As they report in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, the researchers exploited the mechanism of enzymes that have different active centers for cascade reactions. Each active center of the enzyme specializes in certain reaction steps.
For some time now, it has been possible to produce carbon fiber, an important high-tech material, from renewable raw materials instead of crude oil. However, so far, the biobased version could not compete as the mechanical properties were inferior to the petroleum equivalent. Thanks to an ultra high temperature oven, this is now likely to change, as fiber specialists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) in Potsdam report.
Many cooks spoil the broth? Deep-sea mussels follow a different principle. They form symbioses with an unexpectedly large number of bacterial strains. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen and the University of Vienna suspect that what at first glance seems to contradict previous assumptions in evolutionary biology could actually be a widespread principle.