Chemistry

Plants have the ability to bind carbon dioxide from the air through photosynthesis. The same applies to algae and bacteria, which bind around 70 gigatons of carbon per year through photosynthetic CO₂ fixation, the so-called Calvin cycle, and thus remove it from the atmosphere. The metabolic pathways of the microorganisms that achieve this impressive feat are the focus of Tobias Erb's research. The Marburg microbiologist is primarily dedicated to the processes involved in the conversion of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and is redesigning them.

Straw to fuel: It was the first large-scale plant for the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol, a second-generation biofuel, which started operations in Podari, Romania, in June last year. Now the specialty chemicals group Clariant has surprisingly announced the end of the new plant. As the Swiss company announced on December 6, the Board of Directors decided to close the flagship plant for ethanol production using the Sunliquid process. Development activities at the German sites in Munich, Planegg and Straubing are also to be scaled back accordingly.

Whether for dyeing and waterproofing clothing or for producing fibres, the textile industry still uses fossil raw materials and chemicals that are harmful to both people and the environment. With a view to sustainability and resource efficiency, however, sustainable solutions are entering the market. Products made from recycled polyester fibres, waste materials from the food industry, high-tech fibres made from biotechnologically produced spider silk or dyes made from algae are just a few innovative examples.

Bacteria and fungi have long been important tools for the chemical company BASF to make the chemical industry more sustainable. With their help, renewable raw materials such as glucose can be converted into bio-based and environmentally friendly products through fermentation. The new fermentation plant at the BASF site in Ludwigshafen is therefore a further step for the listed company in the planned conversion of its production processes towards sustainability.

For numerous species of living organisms, the climate crisis will lead to environmental conditions that they will not be able to survive. Microalgae could fare differently, as a study by GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, the University of Würzburg and the University of East Anglia (UEA) has now shown. According to the study, the unicellular organisms can adapt to nutrient deficiencies, such as those to be expected in warming seas, with the help of a light-driven proton pump.

Not releasing carbon dioxide from industrial processes into the atmosphere, but upgrading it chemically, this approach is intended to make a small contribution to the climate neutrality of the economy. Compared to possible eternal storage facilities for CO₂, this is also economically interesting because no disposal costs are incurred and a profit can even be made. Accordingly, intensive research is being conducted on appropriate CO₂ utilisation processes.

Whether in food packaging, cosmetics, pesticides or outdoor textiles: per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances – PFAS for short – are contained in many products. These industrially produced chemicals are not only particularly resistant to oil and water, but also to temperatures and chemicals. As diverse as the applications of PFASs are, these substances are equally dangerous when they enter the environment, where they cannot be degraded naturally. PFASs have been detected in more than 70% of groundwater monitoring wells in the EU.

Alongside wind and solar energy, the production of biogas is an important pillar for becoming independent of fossil fuels. With currently around 9,600 biogas plants, Germany is the world's largest producer of biogas. Plant or animal residues are fermented into biogas with the help of anaerobic bacteria. However, the potential of the plants is far from being exhausted.

With the ERC Starting Grants, the European Research Council annually funds outstanding research projects by excellent young scientists at the beginning of their careers. The researchers' projects are supported with a total of 1.5 million euros over a period of five years. One of those who was able to acquire the coveted funding is Markus Jeschek from the University of Regensburg. The professor of synthetic microbiology is receiving the funding for the project "Biosensing by Sequence-based Activity Inference" - BiosenSAI for short.